Hardware machines have rigid limbs that can only bend and straighten around the fixed joints, and robots inspired by flexible animals such as octopus provide a solution. Soft robots, built primarily of flexible or elastic materials, can change shape to fit the surrounding environment without the need for extensive calculations. The soft robot gave up the bones that defined the previous generation of robots. These machines don't have components like bones or joints that stretch, curl and squeeze in new ways.
In 2007, CeciliaLaschi asked his father to catch a live octopus at his beachside laboratory in Livorno, Italy. The latter thought that Laschi was crazy: as a recreational fisherman, he thought that the octopus was so easy to catch, so it must be a very stupid animal. So, what do robotics researchers working with metals and microprocessors want to do with this soft, sticky cephalopod?
In any case, the old man caught an octopus on the Tuscan coast and handed it over to his daughter at the Santa Ana High School in Pisa. Laschi and the student placed the animal in a salt water tank to study how it caught fragmented salmon and crabs. The team then set out to build a robot that could simulate these movements.
Through a prototype, they finally created an artificial tentacle with internal springs and wires. The device can present a wave shape, elongation, contraction, hardening and bending in a lively manner. “This is a completely different approach to robot construction,†Laschi said.
In the past 10 years, this method has become an important research frontier in robotics. Scientists and engineers in this field are often inspired by humans and other animals with hard bones and have been working on hardware robots. These machines have rigid limbs that can only bend and straighten around the fixed joint, so they have the advantage of being able to move in a mathematically predictable manner. However, they also require meticulous programming and a lot of feedback to avoid hitting other objects. Even so, when dealing with humans, new objects, or in rugged mountain roads and other unpredictable situations, their movements often become unstable and even dangerous.
Robots inspired by flexible animals such as octopus, caterpillars or fish provide a solution. Soft robots, built primarily of flexible or elastic materials, can change shape to fit the surrounding environment without the need for large (and often imperfect) calculations. Although some of these machines use wires or springs to simulate muscles and tendons, in general, soft robots give up the bones that define the previous generation of robots. These machines don't have components like bones or joints that stretch, curl and squeeze in new ways. They can change shape or size, surround objects, and even touch humans more safely than ever before.
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