The connector, as a key component of the current or signal connection, is also an important part of the industrial system. Large aircraft, rockets, small mobile phones, televisions, and connectors all come in a variety of different forms, bridging between circuits or other components and carrying current or signal connections.
Connector
Connector, CONNECTOR. Domestic also known as connectors, plugs and sockets. Generally refers to electrical connectors. A device that connects two active devices and transmits current or signals.
Connectors are a type of part that our electronics engineers often contact. Its role is very simple: in the circuit is blocked or inaccessible between the circuit, set up a bridge of communication, so that the current flow, so that the circuit to achieve the intended function. The connector is an indispensable part of the electronic device. Observe the path through which the current flows. You will always find one or more connectors. Connector forms and structures are ever-changing, and there are various types of connectors, depending on the application, frequency, power, and application environment. For example, connectors for lighting on the field and connectors for hard drives, and connectors for lighting rockets are very different. But no matter what kind of connector, we must ensure that the current flows smoothly and reliably. On the other hand, the connector is not only limited to the current, but today in the rapid development of optoelectronic technology, the carrier of the signal in the optical fiber system is light, glass and plastic replace the wires in the ordinary circuit, but the optical signal Connectors are also used in the vias, and they function as circuit connectors.
The birth of the connector was born from the manufacturing technology of the fighter aircraft. The aircraft in the campaign must be refueled and repaired on the ground, and the stay on the ground is an important factor in the outcome of a battle. Therefore, during World War II, the U.S. military authorities were determined to reduce the time for ground maintenance and increase the fighting time of fighters.
They first unitize various control instruments and components, and then connect them together into a complete system. When repairing, the failed unit will be dismantled and the new unit will be replaced, and the aircraft will be able to conduct airborne operations immediately. After the war, AT-T Bell Labs successfully developed the Bell telephone system. The rise of computers, communications and other industries resulted in more opportunities for the development of connectors derived from stand-alone technologies and the rapid expansion of the market.
Connector classification
Due to the increasingly diversified structure of connectors and the emergence of new structures and application areas, it has become difficult to adapt to a fixed pattern to solve the classification and naming problems.
1, according to the use of points
External connector (for external chassis), internal connector (for internal chassis).
2, according to the level of the connector to distinguish
â—Level 1. DEVICE TO PACKING:
Refers to the IC CHIP connection with the pin.
â—Level 2. COMPONENT LEAD TO CIRCUUITRY:
Refers to the connection between the COMPONENT and the PC board.
â—Level 3.Board-to-Board Connection (Board To Board):
Refers to the connection between PC board and PC board.
â— Level 4. Subsystem connection to subsystem (SUBASSEMBLY TO SUBASSEMBLY)
â— Level 5. Subsystem connection to I/O (SUBASSEMBLY TO I/O PORT).
â— Level 6. System to SYSTEM connection (SYSTEM TO SYSTEM).
3, according to the processing method
Crimp Type, IDC Type, also known as puncture, Solder Type, ZIF Type.
4, according to the use of points
Wire-to-board connectors, board-to-board connector wires, wire-to-wire connectors, sockets, and input-output connectors.
5, according to the form of points
PCB board connector, flat cable connector, coaxial cable connector, embedded connector, pressure shaft connector, round connector, angle connector, connector for printed wiring board.
6, according to the structure
General-purpose connector, moisture-proof and waterproof connector, environment-resistant connector, airtight connector, fire-resistant connector, and water-resistant connector.
7, according to the operating frequency
Low frequency and high frequency (bounded at 3MHz).
8, from its versatility and related technical standards, connectors can be divided into the following categories (in categories):
1 low frequency circular connector;
2 rectangular connectors;
3 printed circuit connectors;
4 RF connectors;
5 fiber optic connectors.
Connector basic performance
The basic performance of the connector knowledge connector can be divided into three categories:
Mechanical, electrical and environmental performance. 1. Mechanical behavior
With regard to the connection function, the insertion force is an important mechanical property. Insertion force is divided into insertion force and pull out force (pull out force is also called separation force), the requirements of the two are different. In the relevant standards, the maximum insertion force and the minimum separation force are specified, which means that from the use point of view, the insertion force is small (thereby having a low insertion force LIF and no insertion force ZIF structure), and if the separation force is too small, It will affect the reliability of the contact. The insertion force and mechanical life of the connector are related to the plating quality (the sliding friction coefficient) at the contact portion of the contact structure (positive pressure) and the dimensional accuracy (alignment) of the contact arrangement. 2. Electrical performance
The main electrical properties of the connector include contact resistance, insulation resistance and electrical strength. 1 Contact Resistance High quality electrical connectors should have low and stable contact resistance. The contact resistance of the connector ranges from a few milliohms to several tens of milliohms.
2 Insulation resistance Measure the index of insulation performance between the contact parts of the electrical connector and between the contact part and the housing, and its magnitude is in the order of hundreds of megaohms to several thousand megaohms.
3 Electrical strength, or withstand voltage, dielectric withstand voltage, is the ability to characterize the rated test voltage between connector contacts or between contact and housing.
4 other electrical properties. Electromagnetic interference leakage attenuation is the evaluation of the electromagnetic interference shielding effect of the connector, and is generally tested in the frequency range of 100 MHz to 10 GHz. For RF coaxial connectors, there are also electrical specifications such as characteristic impedance, insertion loss, reflection coefficient, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). Due to the development of digital technology, in order to connect and transmit high-speed digital pulse signals, there has emerged a new type of connector, that is, a high-speed signal connector. Accordingly, in terms of electrical performance, in addition to the characteristic impedance, some new electrical indicators have emerged. Such as crosstalk, delay, and skew. 3. Environmental performance
Common environmental performance includes temperature resistance, humidity resistance, salt spray resistance, vibration and impact, etc. 1 Temperature resistance The current maximum operating temperature of the connector is 200°C (except for a few high temperature special connectors), and the minimum temperature is -65°C. As the connector works, the current generates heat at the contact point, resulting in temperature rise, so it is generally believed that the operating temperature should equal the sum of the ambient temperature and the temperature rise of the contact. In some specifications, the maximum allowable temperature rise of the connector at the rated operating current is specified. 2 Ingress of moisture-resistant moisture can affect the insulation performance of the connection h and corrode metal parts. The constant humidity and heat test conditions are relative humidity of 90%~95% (up to 98% according to product specifications), temperature of +40±20°C, and test time of at least 96 hours according to product specifications. Alternating heat and humidity tests are more severe. 3 Salt-tolerant connector When working in an environment containing moisture and salt, the metal structure and contact surface treatment layer may cause electrochemical corrosion, affecting the physical and electrical properties of the connector. In order to evaluate the ability of the electrical connector to withstand this environment, a salt spray test was prescribed. It suspends the connector in a controlled temperature test chamber and uses a predetermined concentration of sodium chloride solution to be sprayed with compressed air to form a salt spray atmosphere. The exposure time is specified by the product specification and is at least 48 hours. 4 Vibration and Shock Resistance Vibration and impact are important properties of electrical connectors and are particularly important in special applications such as aeronautics, aerospace, railways and road transport. It is a test of the ruggedness and electrical contact reliability of mechanical structures of electrical connectors. The important indicator of sexuality. There are clear rules in the relevant test methods. The peak acceleration, duration, and pulse shape of the shock and the duration of electrical continuity interruption should be specified in the impact test. 5 Other environmental performance According to the requirements of use, the other environmental performance of the electrical connector is hermeticity (air leakage, liquid pressure), liquid impregnation (tolerance to specific liquids), low pressure and so on.
The basic structure of the connector
The basic structural components of the connector are 1 contact pieces; 2 insulators; 3 outer shells (depending on the variety); 4 accessories.
1, contacts (contacts)
It is the core part of the connector to complete the electrical connection function. The contact pair is generally composed of a male contact and a female contact, and the electrical connection is completed through the engagement of male and female contacts.
The male contact is a rigid part and its shape is cylindrical (round pin), square (square pin) or flat (insert). The male contacts are typically made of brass, phosphor bronze.
The female contact, ie, the jack, is the key part of the contact pair. It relies on the elastic structure to be elastically deformed when inserted with the pin to generate elastic force to form a close contact with the positive contact to complete the connection. There are many types of jacks, including cylinder type (grooves, necks), tuning fork type, cantilever beam type (longitudinal grooving), folding type (longitudinal grooving, 9-character), box shape (square hole) As well as hyperbolic wire spring jacks.
2 insulator
Insulators are also often referred to as bases or inserts, and their function is to arrange the contacts at desired positions and spacings and to ensure insulation between the contacts and between the contacts and the housing. Good insulation resistance, withstand voltage performance, and ease of processing are basic requirements for the selection of insulating materials for processing into insulators.
3, the shell
A shell, also known as a shell, provides mechanical protection for the built-in, insulative mounting plate and pins, and provides alignment when the plug and socket are mated, thereby securing the connector to the device.
4, accessories
Attachments include structural accessories and mounting accessories. Structural accessories such as collars, positioning keys, positioning pins, guide pins, coupling rings, cable clamps, sealing rings, gaskets, etc. Mounting accessories such as screws, nuts, screws, coils, etc. Most accessories have standard parts and common parts.
Connector characteristics
1. One of the male or female contacts is flexible. Connections can be made using contacts to make sure the circuit is connected.
2. The terminal portion of the contact has a wiring structure that facilitates the application of a wire or a printed wiring board. That is, for the implementation of welding, encapsulation, clamping, through-hole welding and other structures.
3. The contact is fixed in the correct position of the insulator. The insulator can be used to maintain the voltage insulation resistance between the contacts.
4. It has a coupling structure to facilitate the insertion or disengagement of contacts, and it does not change position after vibration or impact.
Electronic Connector Technology Future Trends
The connector, as a key component of the current or signal connection, is also an important part of the industrial system. With the rapid development of personal mobile terminals, home smart appliances, information and communications industries, transportation and new energy industries, aerospace science and technology, artificial intelligence, medical electronics, and other fields, the connector has been proposed in terms of function, appearance, performance, and use environment. High demand.
1, micro-miniaturization of integrated development trends
In order to meet the requirements of portable, digital and multi-functional electronics, as well as automation of production and assembly, electronic connectors must undergo product structure adjustment. The products mainly develop in the direction of small size, low height, narrow smell, multi-function, long life, and surface mounting.
Miniaturization refers to the smaller center-to-center spacing of electronic connectors (connectors), and high density to achieve large core counts. The miniaturization of consumer electronics requires a combination of miniaturization, thinness, and high performance. This also promotes the development of connector products in the direction of miniaturization and small pitch. The miniaturization of components requires more technology. This requires a strong industrial mold base to effectively support.
2, intelligent development trends
Today, it is a world with a rapid development of information. Regardless of the type of information or technology, people's demands are getting higher and higher. From the rapid development of information and communication data, wireless internet has come to the side of every one of us, from the application of smart phones, smart wear, drones, drones, VR reality, intelligent robots, etc., to the installation of IC chips and The development of intelligent control of electronic connectors for control circuits is an inevitable trend, because it will enable electronic connectors to more intelligently grasp the use of electronic devices and improve the performance of the connector itself to achieve intelligent wireless bridging.
3, high performance development trend
High-speed transmission means that the modern computer, information technology, and networked technology require signal transmission in the time-scale up to the megahertz frequency band, and the pulse time reaches sub-milliseconds. Therefore, high-speed transmission of electronic connectors (connectors) is required.
The high frequency is to adapt to the development of millimeter wave technology, RF coaxial electronic connectors (connectors) have entered the millimeter wave operating frequency band.
High current is also an important development direction for many electronic connectors (connectors). Although short and thin, energy-saving and low-cost are the direction of consumer electronics products, the following two aspects have determined that in a large number of applications, power supply has evolved toward large currents. We use common computer CPUs as an example to illustrate the reasons: First, the performance of the computer is increased. The speed of the CPU is required to increase, and the number of transistors required increases. As a result, the power consumption rises. When the voltage is constant, the current increases in the same proportion. Second, as the semiconductor technology advances, the operating voltage of the transistor increases. Gradually lowering is beneficial to reducing power consumption, but its physical characteristics determine that the reduction ratio of power consumption is lower than the voltage. Therefore, the current increase is also an important indicator to test the development of high-performance electronic connectors.
Anti-signal interference and shielding, when the data transmission speed increases, the influence of capacitance and impedance becomes more obvious. Signals on one terminal can crosstalk to adjacent terminals and affect their signal integrity. In addition, the ground capacitance reduces the impedance of the high-speed signal and attenuates the signal. In the new connector design, each signal transmission terminal is separated from each other. Differential signal pairs can do this very well, because each differential signal pair has a ground pin on one side to reduce crosstalk. Often the first layer is an open area to separate adjacent ground terminals. The next level is the grounding shield between the rows. Top-level applications will include a metal ground structure surrounding each signal terminal. Such a metal shield achieves the best combination of data transmission speed and signal integrity.
Endurance environment use reliability and green environmental protection. In the modern high-tech industry, there are many connectors involved in use under extreme environmental conditions, ultra-high temperature, low temperature, vibration, hot and humid environments, corrosive environments, electronic connectors can be used effectively, which makes the connector to the raw materials The selection, structure design, and processing technology have higher requirements. New high-temperature materials, new electroplating processes, and more flexible alloys make future connectors more adaptable to harsh environments.
4, beautiful appearance and fashion pay more attention to the use of human development trends
With the continuous development and advancement of technologies such as multimedia, connectors are adapting to the constant changes of their subjects. Connectors With the development of science and technology, a good connector not only looks more and more beautiful and fashionable, but also has more and more durable materials, more and more convenient operation, and more importantly, the core part of the connection design. More refined and sophisticated. This will not appear like a regular data connector for a long time when the card slot is loose and the data transmission part of the connector will be completely paralysed, which will greatly hurt the customer's confidence in the purchase of the main product.
Nowadays, the speed of replacement of electronic product equipment is very fast, making the connector industry's future development trend to miniaturization, integration, intelligence, high performance and user-friendly use are all future development trends. Only in this way can we conform to the development of the times. Otherwise, it will be eliminated by the market sooner or later.
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